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2D Materials and Primary Human Dendritic Cells: A Comparative Cytotoxicity Study.

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Summary

Graphene oxide (GO), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) impact immune cells differently. GO is the most toxic, while hBN and MoS2 show lower toxicity and promote T cell proliferation.

Keywords:
boron nitridecytokinesgrapheneimmune systemmolybdenum disulphidetoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomaterials science
  • Immunotoxicology
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) materials like hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), graphene oxide (GO), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are increasingly used in diverse applications.
  • Understanding the impact of these 2D materials on human health, particularly the immune system, is crucial due to their widespread use.
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are key immune cells linking innate and adaptive immunity, making them important targets for studying material interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the immunotoxicological effects of hBN, GO, and MoS2 on primary human dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells.
  • To assess the impact of these 2D materials on DC viability, maturation, and cytokine release.
  • To evaluate the influence of hBN, GO, and MoS2 on T cell proliferation and polarization.

Main Methods:

  • Primary human DCs were exposed to hBN, GO, and MoS2.
  • Cell viability assays were performed to assess cytotoxicity.
  • DC maturation markers and cytokine release (reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory cytokines) were measured.
  • T cell proliferation assays were conducted with and without DCs.

Main Results:

  • hBN, GO, and MoS2 exhibited minimal effects on DC viability.
  • hBN and GO significantly increased DC maturation.
  • GO induced the release of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • hBN and MoS2 enhanced T cell proliferation, irrespective of DC presence.
  • hBN did not induce downstream T cell polarization.

Conclusions:

  • The inherent toxicity ranking of the studied 2D materials is GO > hBN ≈ MoS2, with GO being the most cytotoxic.
  • hBN and MoS2 present a favorable safety profile for immunomodulatory applications compared to GO.
  • These findings provide critical insights for the safe design and application of 2D materials in biomedical fields.