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Automated Focal Plane Merging From a Stack of Gonioscopic Photographs Using a Focus-Stacking Algorithm
Masato Matsuo1, Nana Kozuki1, Yuina Inomata1
1Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine (Matsuo, Kozuki, Inomata, Tanito), Izumo, Japan; NIDEK CO., LTD., Gamagori, Japan (Kumagai, Shiba, Hamaguchi).
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of automated focal plane merging with the collection of gonio-photographs with different depths of field (DOF) using an established focus-stacking algorithm.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted at Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan. Sixteen eyes from 16 subjects from the glaucoma clinic were included in this study. Image processing was performed for the images of 16 eyes from 16 angle sector following the successful gonio-photography. The 256 sets of focus-stacked and best-focused images were prepared in random order and were compared for the DOF and informativeness to diagnose angle pathology by masked observers in each set as the subjective assessments. Moreover, the energy of the Laplacian (average |ΔI|), which is an indicator of image sharpness between the photographs with and without the focus-stacking processing was also analyzed with the Laplacian filter as the objective assessment.
Results:
The automated image processing was successfully performed in all stacks of images. The significant deepening of DOF and improvement of informativeness achieved in 255 (99.6%) and 216 (84.4%) images (P < 0.0001 for both, sign test) and the energy of the Laplacian also significantly increased in 243 (94.9%) images (P < 0.0001, sign test).
Conclusions:
Focal plane merging by the automated algorithm can make the gonio-images deeper focus compared with the paired best-focused images subjectively and objectively, which would be useful for angle pathological assessment in clinical practice.
Translational Relevance:
Focal plane merging algorithm for the automated gonio-photography can facilitate the angle assessment by providing informative deep-focus image, which would be useful for glaucoma care.
