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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
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Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...
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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
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ER remodeling via ER-phagy.

Andrea Gubas1, Ivan Dikic2

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.

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|April 22, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) undergoes selective degradation via ER-phagy, a process involving membrane remodeling. Specialized proteins fragment the ER, enabling its degradation and recycling, crucial for cellular homeostasis.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is vital for cellular functions and its membrane dynamics influence these processes.
  • ER-phagy is a selective degradation pathway for ER fragments, maintaining ER size and adapting morphology.
  • ER-shaping proteins act as receptors, mediating ER fragmentation and autophagic clearance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review ER-phagy focusing on the role of membrane remodeling.
  • To highlight the significance of ER membrane dynamics in ER-phagy.
  • To discuss the implications of ER-phagy dysregulation in human physiology and pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ER-phagy mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the role of ER-shaping proteins in membrane curvature and autophagy bridging.
  • Examination of the connection between ER membrane dynamics and cellular health.

Main Results:

  • ER-phagy relies on specialized proteins that induce membrane curvature for ER fragmentation.
  • These proteins link the ER to the autophagy machinery for lysosomal degradation.
  • ER membrane dynamics are central to the ER-phagy process.

Conclusions:

  • ER-phagy is a critical process regulated by membrane remodeling.
  • Dysregulation of ER membrane dynamics in ER-phagy impacts human health.
  • Understanding ER-phagy provides insights into cellular adaptation and disease.