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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

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Angle-tuned coils: attractive building blocks for TMS with improved depth-spread performance.

Hedyeh Bagherzadeh1, Qinglei Meng2, Zhi-De Deng3

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|April 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A new angle-tuned ring coil (AT coil) enhances transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) depth and spread performance with a smaller footprint. This innovation enables advanced composite coils and multisite TMS systems for brain research and treatment.

Keywords:
AT coilTMSdecay rateelectric fieldspreadstimulation depth

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils traditionally face a depth-spread tradeoff, limiting their effectiveness.
  • Existing TMS coil designs often require large head surface areas, hindering applications like multisite stimulation.
  • Developing novel coil geometries is crucial for improving TMS performance and expanding its therapeutic and research applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel angle-tuned ring coil (AT coil) designed to enhance the depth-spread performance of TMS.
  • To utilize the AT coil as a building block for high-performance composite coils and multisite TMS systems.
  • To overcome the limitations of traditional TMS coils regarding footprint and the depth-spread tradeoff.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical simulation of emitted electric field distributions in spherical and human head models.
  • Analysis of depth-spread performance for the proposed angle-tuned coils compared to existing figure-8 coils.
  • Experimental validation using field probes and in-vivo animal tests.

Main Results:

  • The angle-tuning concept significantly improves coil depth-spread performance with a smaller footprint.
  • Composite structures built with AT coils demonstrate leading performance and simplified design/manufacturing.
  • The intrinsically small footprint of AT coil systems is ideal for multisite brain stimulation with reduced electric field divergence.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed AT coil design offers superior depth-spread performance and a reduced footprint compared to conventional TMS coils.
  • AT coils serve as effective building blocks for advanced composite coils and multisite TMS systems.
  • This innovation facilitates mechanistic studies of brain networks and novel treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders by enabling precise, multi-region brain stimulation.