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S-100 Immunohistochemical Positivity in Rhabdomyoma: An Underestimated Potential Diagnostic Pitfall in Routine

Andrea Palicelli¹, Antonio Ramponi², Guido Valente³

¹Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 23, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A laryngeal rhabdomyoma was misdiagnosed as a granular cell tumor due to S-100 positivity. This case highlights the importance of muscle markers for accurate diagnosis of laryngeal tumors.

Keywords:

S-100 S100 adult diagnosis granular cell tumor head and neck immunohistochemistry larynx pitfalls rhabdomyoma

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Area of Science:

Pathology
Oncology
Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

Laryngeal tumors can present diagnostic challenges, particularly on limited biopsy samples.
Granular cell tumors and rhabdomyomas share some histological features and immunohistochemical profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a case of adult-type laryngeal rhabdomyoma initially misdiagnosed as a granular cell tumor.
To review the literature on S-100 positivity in head and neck rhabdomyomas and discuss differential diagnoses.

Main Methods:

Histopathological examination of tumor specimens.
Immunohistochemical staining for S-100, muscle markers (Desmin, Smooth Muscle Actin), and other markers.
Systematic literature review of adult-type rhabdomyomas in the head and neck region.

Main Results:

The laryngeal tumor, initially diagnosed as granular cell tumor based on S-100 positivity, was confirmed as adult-type rhabdomyoma post-excision.
Immunohistochemistry revealed characteristic muscle marker positivity (Desmin, Smooth Muscle Actin) in the rhabdomyoma.
Literature review indicated S-100 positivity in 56% of adult-type head and neck rhabdomyomas.

Conclusions:

S-100 positivity in laryngeal tumors can be misleading, necessitating a broader differential diagnosis.
Muscle markers are crucial for distinguishing rhabdomyomas from other S-100 positive tumors, especially granular cell tumors.
Accurate diagnosis of laryngeal rhabdomyoma is essential for appropriate management and treatment planning.