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Related Concept Videos

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Asymmetric Behavioral Assessments in Adult Rats
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Does Carrying a Rider Change Motor and Sensory Laterality in Horses?

Sophie Schwarz1, Isabell Marr1,2, Kate Farmer3

  • 1Behavioural Physiology of Farm Animals, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Hohenheim, Germany.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|April 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Riding a horse can strengthen its motor laterality, influencing limb preference. However, a passive rider does not negatively impact a horse's sensory responses or stress levels.

Keywords:
horselateralitymotor lateralitynovel objectridersensory lateralityside preference

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Area of Science:

  • Equine behavior and welfare
  • Animal biomechanics

Background:

  • Laterality, or the preference for using one side of the body, is well-documented in horses.
  • Research on how carrying a rider affects equine laterality is limited, despite horses being primarily ridden animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of a rider on motor and sensory laterality in horses.
  • To determine if a passive rider affects a horse's lateral preferences and stress responses.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-three horses were assessed for lateral preferences in three experiments, with and without a rider.
  • Motor laterality was measured by forelimb preference when stepping over a pole.
  • Sensory laterality was assessed by observing responses to an unfamiliar person and a novel object.

Main Results:

  • A rider significantly increased the strength of motor laterality (p = 0.01).
  • Carrying a rider did not significantly affect sensory laterality (p = 0.8).

Conclusions:

  • A passive rider does not adversely affect a horse's sensory laterality or presumed stress levels.
  • Riding may enhance the expression of motor laterality in horses.