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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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Non-Coding RNAs Regulate Spontaneous Abortion: A Global Network and System Perspective.

Jianyu Gan1, Ting Gu1, Huaqiang Yang1

  • 1National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, play a crucial role in spontaneous abortion (SA). Understanding their regulatory networks may lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for SA.

Keywords:
circRNAcompeting endogenous RNAlncRNAmiRNAspontaneous abortionsystematic network

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Spontaneous abortion (SA) is a significant pregnancy complication affecting both human health and swine production.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their roles in biological processes relevant to SA, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on the function and mechanisms of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in spontaneous abortion.
  • To propose the existence of a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network in SA development.
  • To highlight the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for SA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating ncRNAs in spontaneous abortion.
  • Analysis of the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in cellular processes implicated in SA.
  • Exploration of potential regulatory interactions between different ncRNA types.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs, specifically miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are involved in regulating key cellular functions critical to pregnancy maintenance.
  • Evidence suggests these ncRNAs interact within a complex regulatory network, potentially a ceRNA network.
  • Dysregulation of these ncRNAs is linked to the pathophysiology of spontaneous abortion.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are integral to the mechanisms underlying spontaneous abortion.
  • A ceRNA regulatory network is proposed to be involved in the onset and progression of SA.
  • Further investigation into ncRNA networks could identify novel biomarkers for SA diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.