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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to their nonionized state. However, absorption may be less efficient in the upper intestine, where drugs are often ionized. Interestingly, despite the stomach's apparent advantage for drug absorption, its mucous layer can hinder diffusion. Its surface area is also smaller than the intestine's, which can further slow down the absorption rate.
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Drug absorption involves the movement of drugs from the point of administration into the systemic circulation. Initially, Gastrointestinal (GI) motility propels the drug through the digestive tract and into the stomach. However, the stomach's high acidity and limited surface area restrict its role in drug absorption for most drugs. The drug then moves from the stomach to the small intestine via gastric emptying, which can be slowed by various factors, including interactions with other...
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The process of drug absorption signifies the transition of a drug from its site of administration into the plasma. This process is influenced by various factors, including the route of administration, the anatomy of the absorption site, the mechanism of absorption, gut motility, and the drug's physicochemical properties.
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Manuela Vitulo1, Elisa Gnodi1, Raffaella Meneveri1

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Nanoparticles (NPs) show promise for oral drug delivery, targeting systemic or intestinal conditions. However, their complex interactions within the digestive tract necessitate careful consideration of efficacy and safety, especially concerning food additives.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nanoparticle (NP) applications have expanded across nanomedicine and the food industry.
  • Oral administration is increasingly favored over intravenous routes for NP delivery.
  • The gastrointestinal tract's unique environment presents both opportunities and challenges for NP interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review NP oral delivery strategies for systemic and local therapeutic targets.
  • To examine NP functionalization for exploiting intestinal characteristics.
  • To assess safety concerns of NPs used as food additives, focusing on titanium dioxide (E171) and silver NPs (E174).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NP oral delivery systems.
  • Analysis of NP interactions with the intestinal environment (pH, mucus, absorption).
  • Examination of NP functionalization for drug targeting and therapeutic efficacy.

Main Results:

  • NPs can be functionalized to optimize oral drug delivery for systemic (e.g., insulin) and local intestinal treatments (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases, colon cancer).
  • Intestinal factors like pH, mucus, and food matrix complexity influence NP behavior and efficacy.
  • Accidental exposure to food additive NPs (E171, E174) raises potential safety concerns.

Conclusions:

  • Oral nanoparticle delivery offers versatile therapeutic potential but requires careful design to overcome biological barriers.
  • Understanding NP-gut interactions is crucial for developing effective and safe oral nanomedicines.
  • Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term health impacts of ingested nanoparticles, particularly those used in food products.