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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components
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Partial Biodegradable Blend for Fused Filament Fabrication: In-Process Thermal and Post-Printing Moisture Resistance.

Muhammad Harris1,2, Hammad Mohsin3, Rakhshanda Naveed4

  • 1Massey Agrifood Digital Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.

Polymers
|April 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel blend of polylactic acid and polypropylene for 3D printing, enhancing stability against thermal and moisture degradation through physical interlocking. The developed material demonstrates high mechanical integrity, crucial for large-scale additive manufacturing applications.

Keywords:
fused deposition modelingmoisture-based degradationpellet 3D printingpolylactic acidpolypropylene

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Moisture-based degradation of 3D-printed polymer blends, particularly polypropylene and polylactic acid, remains under-reported.
  • Previous research on partial biodegradable blends for additive manufacturing lacks data on stability against moisture-induced degradation.
  • Ensuring material stability is critical for the successful implementation of biodegradable polymers in large-scale additive manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and report on the moisture-based degradation of a 3D-printed polypropylene and polylactic acid blend.
  • To develop a partial biodegradable blend with enhanced stability against combined thermal and moisture-based degradation for fused filament fabrication.
  • To introduce a novel concept of partial blending with excessive physical interlocking for improved material performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a polylactic acid and polypropylene blend compatibilized with polyethylene graft maleic anhydride using fused filament fabrication.
  • Implementation of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to assess combined thermal and moisture-based degradation.
  • Utilized Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) for characterization.

Main Results:

  • The novel blend design achieved stability against in-process thermal and moisture-based degradation through excessive physical interlocking and minimal chemical grafting.
  • Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the intermolecular interactions and validated the physical interlocking and chemical grafting mechanisms.
  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis supported the findings on blending effects and degradation mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The developed partial biodegradable blend exhibits high mechanical stability against moisture-based degradation, attributed to the novel partial blending strategy with excessive interlocking.
  • This approach offers a promising solution for creating durable and stable biodegradable materials for large-scale additive manufacturing.
  • The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the degradation mechanisms and the effectiveness of physical interlocking in enhancing material performance.