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Related Concept Videos

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...
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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors
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Radiation and Dust Sensor for Mars Environmental Dynamic Analyzer Onboard M2020 Rover.

Victor Apestigue1, Alejandro Gonzalo1, Juan J Jiménez1

  • 1Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Radiation and Dust Sensor on the Perseverance rover characterizes Martian dust properties. This compact, digital sensor provides high-resolution data on dust concentration, shape, and optical characteristics for Mars exploration.

Keywords:
MEDAMarsMars 2020RDSatmospherecloudsdustinstrumentationozone

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Instrument Development

Background:

  • The Mars 2020 mission includes the Perseverance rover, equipped with the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA).
  • Understanding Martian atmospheric dust is crucial for mission operations and climate studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the design, qualification, calibration, and validation of the Radiation and Dust Sensor (RADS).
  • To characterize airborne dust in the Martian atmosphere, including concentration, shape, and optical properties.
  • To study dust-lifting processes and analyze the solar spectrum on the Martian surface.

Main Methods:

  • Sensor design based on scientific and technical requirements.
  • Rigorous qualification processes to ensure endurance on the Martian surface.
  • Calibration and validation campaigns using a Mars analog environment.

Main Results:

  • Development of a compact, fully digital sensor with a mass under 1 kg.
  • Exceptional performance in terms of power consumption and data handling.
  • Demonstrated capability to characterize Martian dust and solar spectrum.

Conclusions:

  • The Radiation and Dust Sensor is a highly capable instrument for analyzing Martian atmospheric dust.
  • The sensor's design and performance meet the demanding requirements for Mars exploration.
  • Successful validation paves the way for in-situ dust characterization by the Perseverance rover.