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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
MRI morphological evaluation of humeral head bone profile inside region of the biceps pulley reflection
Michele Fischetti1, Luca Pio Stoppino2, Miriana Rosaria Petrera1
1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
Objective:
Evaluating humeral head bone profile inside biceps reflection pulley area in order to identify possible anatomical variants and any causes predisposing to tendon's instability of the long head of the biceps.
Materials And Methods:
This retrospective study analyzed 326 patients, 183 males and 143 females (age 15-88 years; average 51.5 years), who underwent MRI examination between 2013 and 2019. Biceps pulley reflection area morphology of 192 right shoulders and 134 left shoulders was assessed analyzing 309 MRI and 17 MR arthrography (MRA) shoulder exams. We investigated age and gender and the frequency of morphological variants among the patient groups.
Results:
Four possible morphological variants were identified: 95 with convex shape; 127 with flat shape; 77 with spiculated shape; and 12 with mixed morphology. Fifteen humeral bone profiles were not classifiable.
Conclusions:
MRI was effective in defining humeral head anatomic variants inside the biceps pulley reflection area. The most frequent variants were flat or convex types.
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