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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

76
Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
76
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

111
Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
111
Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

100
Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
100
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

60
Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
60
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

41
Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
41
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

67
Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Isolation of Glomeruli and In Vivo Labeling of Glomerular Cell Surface Proteins
09:12

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Published on: January 18, 2019

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Acute glomerulonephritis.

Sanjeev Sethi1, An S De Vriese2, Fernando C Fervenza3

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|April 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glomerulonephritis encompasses diverse kidney disorders. Diagnosis relies on kidney biopsy, with a shift towards causal classification over pattern-based approaches for better understanding and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunopathology
  • Renal Medicine

Background:

  • Glomerulonephritis presents with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and reduced kidney function.
  • While acute presentations are rare, most patients experience asymptomatic urinary abnormalities.
  • Disease flares are characteristic of IgA nephropathy and C3 glomerulopathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of glomerulonephritis clinical presentation, pathology, and treatment.
  • To highlight the evolving classification from histopathological patterns to causal mechanisms.
  • To discuss key glomerulonephritis subtypes including immune-complex, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated, and C3 glomerulopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and pathological findings in glomerulonephritis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic approaches, emphasizing kidney biopsy.
  • Examination of current therapeutic strategies for major glomerulonephritis types.

Main Results:

  • Glomerulonephritis is classified into immune-complex, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated, anti-glomerular basement membrane, C3 glomerulopathy, and monoclonal immunoglobulin-associated types.
  • A causal classification approach is now favored over traditional pattern-based methods.
  • Understanding underlying causes and pathogenetic mechanisms is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Glomerulonephritis classification is advancing towards a causal understanding.
  • Kidney biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis.
  • Comprehensive overview aids in understanding and managing diverse glomerulonephritis disorders.