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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Retro-sternal Goitre: an Overview.

Arvind Kumar1, Mohan Venkatesh Pulle1, Belal Bin Asaf1

  • 1Centre for Chest Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Room no. 2328, New Delhi, India 110060.

Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology
|April 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Retrosternal goitres, often found incidentally, can cause breathing issues. While surgery is standard, a "wait and watch" approach is viable for some asymptomatic patients, making management a continuing debate.

Keywords:
DyspnoeaGoitresSurgical resection

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Retrosternal goitres are slow-growing masses extending into the chest.
  • Dyspnoea on exertion is a common symptom due to tracheal compression.
  • Radiological imaging frequently leads to incidental diagnosis of asymptomatic goitres.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence-based management strategies for retrosternal goitres.
  • To discuss surgical challenges and postoperative complications.
  • To explore the controversy surrounding the management of these goitres.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of evidence-based practices.
  • Analysis of surgical outcomes and complications.
  • Evaluation of conservative versus surgical management approaches.

Main Results:

  • Surgical resection is the established treatment for symptomatic and most asymptomatic cases.
  • The 'wait and watch' approach is a potential option for select asymptomatic patients.
  • Management remains a subject of debate due to evolving treatment options.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal management of retrosternal goitres requires careful consideration of symptoms and patient factors.
  • Evidence-based review highlights the ongoing surgical controversy.
  • Further research may clarify the role of conservative management and alternative therapies.