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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Systemic Therapy in Thyroid Cancer.

Amit Kumar Agrawal1, Vanita Noronha1, Vijay Patil1

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012 India.

Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology
|April 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeting specific mutations in advanced thyroid cancer offers new systemic therapies. While effective, challenges like high costs and limited genetic testing hinder widespread clinical use.

Keywords:
ImmunotherapyRadioactive iodine refractorySystemic therapyThyroid cancerTyrosine kinase inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with surgery and radioactive iodine as primary treatments.
  • Radio-iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancers historically had a poor prognosis, necessitating systemic therapies.
  • Advancements reveal thyroid cancer is driven by specific mutations, opening avenues for targeted treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of systemic therapies for advanced/metastatic thyroid cancer.
  • To highlight the role of targeted molecular therapies and immunotherapy.
  • To discuss challenges and future research directions in thyroid cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in thyroid cancer treatment.
  • Analysis of targeted therapies and immunotherapies for advanced disease.
  • Discussion of clinical challenges and unmet needs.

Main Results:

  • Targeting oncogenic drivers with molecular agents is an effective strategy for advanced thyroid cancer.
  • Immunotherapy is also under investigation and shows promise.
  • New therapeutic approaches have significantly improved outcomes for previously intractable cases.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted therapies and immunotherapy represent a paradigm shift in managing advanced thyroid cancer.
  • Significant challenges remain, including high treatment costs and the need for broader genetic mutation testing.
  • Further research is crucial to identify novel oncogenic targets and develop effective agents for thyroid cancer.