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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

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Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Differences in the Clinical Presentation and Biochemical Profile of the Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism with regard to their Serum Vitamin D Levels: a Single-center Experience.

Indian journal of surgical oncologyยท2023
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Murad Lala1

  • 1Department of Surgical Oncology, PD Hinduja National Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.

Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology
|April 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), a disorder of calcium homeostasis due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH), is increasingly diagnosed biochemically. Parathyroidectomy remains the definitive cure, guided by imaging and intraoperative monitoring.

Keywords:
DiagnosisEpidemiologyHyperparathyroidismMedical managementParathyroidectomyPreoperative imagingPrimary

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) involves unregulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) production, leading to calcium imbalance.
  • The clinical presentation has shifted from symptomatic to asymptomatic cases over time.
  • PHPT is primarily a biochemical diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • To emphasize the importance of preoperative localization and intraoperative monitoring.
  • To define surgical indications and alternative treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical diagnosis of PHPT.
  • Preoperative localization using imaging modalities.
  • Intraoperative parathormone monitoring.
  • Surgical intervention: focused parathyroidectomy or four-gland exploration.
  • Pharmacologic management for non-surgical candidates.

Main Results:

  • Localization studies and intraoperative PTH monitoring guide surgical strategy.
  • Parathyroidectomy is the established cure for PHPT.
  • Surgical intervention is recommended for symptomatic and selected asymptomatic patients.

Conclusions:

  • Parathyroidectomy is the definitive treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Preoperative localization and intraoperative monitoring optimize surgical outcomes.
  • Pharmacologic options exist for patients unable to undergo surgery.