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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays
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A low-cost wind tunnel for bird flight experiments.

Herwig A Grogger1, Martin Gossar1, Michael Makovec1

  • 1Engineering Department, University of Applied Sciences Joanneum, Alte Poststrasse 149, 8020 Graz, Austria.

Journal of Ornithology
|April 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A new wind tunnel was built for bird flight studies, specifically for large birds like the Northern Bald Ibis. It offers controlled airflow and updraft/downdraft capabilities for realistic flight simulations.

Keywords:
Bird flight experimentsNorthern bald ibisWind tunnel

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Aerodynamics
  • Animal Physiology

Background:

  • Studying avian flight requires specialized equipment to simulate natural conditions.
  • Previous wind tunnels may not accommodate large bird species or offer flexible airflow control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a blower-type wind tunnel for physiological bird flight experiments.
  • To enable detailed studies on the flight mechanics of large birds, such as the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita).

Main Methods:

  • Designed and constructed a large-scale wind tunnel (2.5 m x 1.5 m test section) with a flexible outlet nozzle.
  • Conducted numerical flow simulations and measured velocity distribution and turbulence intensity.
  • Hand-raised and trained four Northern Bald Ibises for flight experiments within the wind tunnel.

Main Results:

  • The wind tunnel achieves flow speeds up to 16 m/s with a flexible nozzle for updraft and downdraft.
  • The test section demonstrated a highly uniform velocity distribution ( < 2% deviation) and low turbulence intensity (1-2%).
  • The facility was successfully utilized for flight studies with trained Northern Bald Ibises.

Conclusions:

  • The developed wind tunnel is a suitable and effective tool for physiological bird flight research, particularly for large species.
  • The facility's design ensures reliable and consistent airflow conditions for accurate biomechanical analysis.
  • This research provides a foundation for further investigations into avian flight dynamics and energetics.