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Related Concept Videos

Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

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A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
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Electro-mechanical Systems01:19

Electro-mechanical Systems

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Electromechanical systems are intricate configurations that effectively combine electrical and mechanical elements to achieve a desired outcome. Central to many of these systems is the DC motor, a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, enabling various applications ranging from simple fans to complex robotic mechanisms.
A key component of the DC motor is the armature, a rotating circuit positioned within a magnetic field. As an electric current passes through the...
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Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

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The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
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Torque01:10

Torque

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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
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Internal Combustion Engine01:20

Internal Combustion Engine

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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Modeling and Experimental Analysis of the Single-Shaft Coaxial Motor-Pump Assembly in Electrohydrostatic Actuators
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Modeling and Experimental Analysis of the Single-Shaft Coaxial Motor-Pump Assembly in Electrohydrostatic Actuators

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The Ton Motor.

Anna C Ratliff1, Susan K Buchanan1, Herve Celia1

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|April 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Ton complex, a bacterial molecular motor, transports nutrients across the outer membrane. This review explores its structure, energy transduction, and mechanism for nutrient import.

Keywords:
ExbBExbDGram-negative bacteriaTonBTonB-dependent transportmembrane proteinsmolecular motorsproton motive force (pmf)

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Ton complex is an inner membrane molecular motor in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • It utilizes a proton gradient to power nutrient transport across the outer membrane.
  • While subcomplex structures are known, the complete TonB structure and stoichiometry remain elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge gaps regarding the Ton motor complex.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of outer membrane pathway opening for nutrient import.
  • To understand energy transduction from the inner membrane to the outer membrane via TonB.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing structural and biochemical data.
  • It analyzes the relationship between ion flow and mechanical work.
  • It discusses the TonB-dependent nutrient transport process.

Main Results:

  • The complete structure and stoichiometry of TonB are not fully determined.
  • The precise mechanism of Ton motor-mediated outer membrane pathway opening is unclear.
  • The energy transduction pathway from the inner membrane subcomplex to the outer membrane via TonB requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding the Ton motor complex's complete structure and function.
  • Further research is needed to understand how the Ton motor facilitates nutrient import and energy transduction.
  • Clarifying these aspects is crucial for understanding bacterial physiology and transport mechanisms.