Intraoperative Monitoring for Spinal Surgery
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Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
Published on: August 17, 2022
Nitin Agarwal1, Saman Shabani1, Jeremy Huang1
1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Abstract:
The use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) can improve surgical outcomes. Although inclusion of IONM is considered standard practice in more complicated spine surgeries, there are no national-level guidelines for the usage of IONM in spine surgery. Technical advancement in IONM has increased both its sensitivity and specificity, and with a recently developed algorithmic checklist it can be more easily adopted by the surgical team in their practice.
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