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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Transport Across the Golgi01:26

Transport Across the Golgi

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While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients

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Extracellular Vesicle Loading Via pH-Gradient Modification.

Stephanie M Kronstadt1, Steven M Jay1,2, Anjana Jeyaram3

  • 1Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a method to load extracellular vesicles (EVs) with nucleic acids by making their internal pH acidic. This technique improves the efficiency of incorporating functional genetic material into EVs for therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
ExosomeGene deliverymiRNApH-gradientsiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for intercellular communication and show promise as therapeutic delivery vectors.
  • Current methods for loading EVs with nucleic acids face challenges like aggregation and degradation.
  • EVs offer potential advantages over synthetic nanoparticles for drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel method for enhancing the loading efficiency of nucleic acids into EVs.
  • To address the limitations of current nucleic acid incorporation techniques into EVs.
  • To demonstrate the utility of pH modification for EV-based drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Modifying the internal pH of extracellular vesicles to an acidic state.
  • Utilizing the acidic environment to facilitate the loading of negatively charged cargo, specifically nucleic acids.
  • Evaluating the efficiency and functionality of loaded nucleic acids within EVs.

Main Results:

  • The acidic pH modification strategy enables efficient loading of nucleic acids into EVs.
  • This method overcomes challenges associated with nucleic acid aggregation and degradation during EV loading.
  • Functional cargo was successfully incorporated into EVs using the described pH modification technique.

Conclusions:

  • Internal pH modification is an effective strategy for loading nucleic acids into extracellular vesicles.
  • This approach enhances the potential of EVs as robust vectors for nucleic acid delivery in therapeutic applications.
  • The developed method offers a promising advancement in EV-based nanomedicine.