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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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TREX1 plays multiple roles in human diseases.

Qing Wang1, Juan Du2, Shucheng Hua3

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Cellular Immunology
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Three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is a DNA exonuclease that prevents immune activation. TREX1 has dual roles in disease, impacting immunity in cancer and inducing DNA damage in other conditions.

Keywords:
Antitumor immunityAutoimmune diseasesIFN signaling systemInflammatory diseasesInnate immunityInterferon type ITREX1

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is a key 3'-5' DNA exonuclease.
  • TREX1's primary role is digesting cytosolic DNA to prevent innate immune system activation.
  • Emerging evidence highlights TREX1's additional functions in regulating protein complexes and degradation pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions and mechanisms of TREX1.
  • To explore TREX1's dual role in human diseases, including autoimmune, inflammatory, and cancerous conditions.
  • To analyze the relationship between TREX1 function and disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on TREX1.
  • Analysis of TREX1's exonuclease activity and non-exonuclease functions.
  • Examination of TREX1's involvement in various disease contexts.

Main Results:

  • TREX1's exonuclease activity is crucial for preventing autoimmune and inflammatory responses.
  • In cancer and radiotherapy, TREX1's DNA digestion can inhibit antitumor immunity.
  • TREX1 also processes chromosomal abnormalities, potentially inducing DNA damage.

Conclusions:

  • TREX1 exhibits a complex, dual role in human health and disease.
  • Understanding TREX1's multifaceted functions is essential for developing targeted therapies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate TREX1's molecular mechanisms in disease.