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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Updated: Sep 25, 2025

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
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Optimal systemic therapy for high-risk resectable melanoma.

Alexander M M Eggermont1,2,3, Omid Hamid4, Georgia V Long5,6

  • 1Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany. Alexander.Eggermont@prinsesmaximacentrum.nl.

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High-risk melanoma treatment now includes adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapies and targeted therapies. Experts discuss optimal perioperative strategies for resectable melanoma, balancing risks and benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Immunotherapy and targeted therapy revolutionized advanced melanoma treatment.
  • These therapies are now approved for resectable, high-risk melanoma as adjuvant treatments.
  • Neoadjuvant use of these agents shows promise but requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore expert perspectives on optimal perioperative systemic therapy selection for high-risk melanoma.
  • To address the challenges posed by expanding treatment options in resectable melanoma.
  • To consider the implications of perioperative therapy on managing melanoma recurrence.

Main Methods:

  • A viewpoint discussion with four expert investigators and oncologists.
  • Focus on key studies of perioperative systemic therapies in melanoma.
  • Synthesizing expert opinions on current and future management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Adjuvant immunotherapy (ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab) and targeted therapy (dabrafenib plus trametinib) are approved for high-risk melanoma.
  • Neoadjuvant therapy demonstrates variable promise.
  • Optimal selection requires balancing risks, benefits, and individual patient factors, considering surgery alone may suffice for some.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal management of high-risk melanoma involves careful consideration of perioperative systemic therapies.
  • Expert consensus is crucial for navigating the evolving landscape of treatment options.
  • Future directions may involve refining patient selection and managing recurrence in the context of perioperative treatment.