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Related Concept Videos

Appendicitis-I: Introduction01:22

Appendicitis-I: Introduction

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The appendix, a small, narrow, blind tube extending from the inferior part of the cecum, is widely regarded as a vestigial organ, having lost much of its original function through evolution. Despite its diminished role, the appendix can become inflamed, a condition known as appendicitis.
Etiology: Appendicitis can arise from various causes, primarily rooted in the obstruction of the appendix lumen. Factors contributing to this obstruction include fecal accumulation, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in...
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Appendicitis-II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:29

Appendicitis-II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

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Diagnosing and managing appendicitis requires a structured and comprehensive approach that spans from initial assessment to postoperative care. Here is an overview of the process:
Diagnosing Appendicitis
It requires a multifaceted approach, starting with a detailed physical examination to pinpoint the location and nature of the pain and identify any associated symptoms. Laboratory tests play a crucial role. A complete Blood Count (CBC) typically reveals leukocytosis (an increased number of...
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Causality in Epidemiology01:21

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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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Cause and Effect01:53

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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
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Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I

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The Bradford Hill criteria are a group of principles that provide a framework to determine a causal relationship between a specific factor and a disease. There are nine criteria that are pivotal in assessing causality in epidemiological studies. Here's a closer look at Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality criteria with definitions and examples:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Murine Appendectomy Model of Chronic Colitis Associated Colorectal Cancer by Precise Localization of Caecal Patch
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Appendicitis and COVID: cause or effect?

Abdus Salam Raju1, Aditya Thomas Benjamin1, Tristan Rutland2,3

  • 1Acute Care Surgery Unit, Liverpool Hospital, 75 Elizabeth Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia.

Bulletin of the National Research Centre
|April 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 infection can lead to rare vascular complications, including phlebitis in the appendix. This case highlights unusual appendiceal veno-occlusive vasculitis in a patient post-COVID-19 recovery.

Keywords:
AppendicitisCOVID-19 infectionVeno-occlusive diseaseVeno-occlusive vasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Vascular Pathology
  • Infectious Disease Complications

Background:

  • Appendiceal vasculitis and phlebitis with vascular occlusion are rare pathological findings.
  • COVID-19 infection has been associated with systemic veno-occlusive disease, particularly in hepatic pathology.
  • Lymphoid aggregation with phlebitis in appendix specimens is an unusual observation.

Observation:

  • A 27-year-old male presented with symptoms of acute appendicitis.
  • The patient had recovered from a COVID-19 infection approximately 12 weeks prior to presentation.
  • Computed tomography and operative findings confirmed acute appendicitis.

Findings:

  • Histopathological examination of the surgically removed appendix revealed veno-occlusive vasculitis.
  • Specifically, medium-sized venules within the appendix showed signs of phlebitis.
  • The patient had no significant past medical history, indicating a potential link to recent COVID-19 infection.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the potential for COVID-19 to induce uncommon vascular inflammatory responses beyond typical presentations.
  • Appendiceal phlebitis, particularly veno-occlusive vasculitis, should be considered in patients with a history of COVID-19 presenting with appendicitis.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to appendiceal vascular pathology.