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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Nonlinearities in shadowgraphy experiments on non-equilibrium fluctuations in polymer solutions.

D Zapf1, J Kantelhardt1, W Köhler2

  • 1Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|April 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Giant fluctuations in liquid mixtures under temperature gradients were observed. A new local model accurately captures these effects, improving Soret and diffusion coefficient measurements using shadowgraphy.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Non-equilibrium phenomena in liquid mixtures are crucial for understanding transport properties.
  • Shadowgraphy is a key technique for visualizing concentration gradients and fluid dynamics.
  • Temperature gradients induce complex thermophysical responses in mixtures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate giant thermal and solutal non-equilibrium fluctuations in liquid mixtures.
  • To analyze the impact of large temperature gradients on diffusion and Soret coefficients.
  • To develop and validate a model for accurate measurement using shadowgraphy.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting shadowgraphy experiments on liquid mixtures with applied temperature gradients.
  • Accounting for temperature and composition dependence of thermophysical parameters.
  • Developing a local model to analyze shadowgraph signals layer by layer.

Main Results:

  • Observed giant thermal and solutal non-equilibrium fluctuations.
  • Identified nonlinear concentration profiles for large temperature differences.
  • Demonstrated that standard evaluation methods yield inaccurate diffusion and Soret coefficients (off by ~2x at 50 K).
  • Validated a local model showing good agreement with experimental data.

Conclusions:

  • Standard data evaluation for Soret and diffusion coefficients is unreliable at large temperature gradients.
  • A local model provides accurate measurements by considering layered contributions.
  • Shadowgraphy with large temperature gradients is a promising tool for precise Soret and diffusion coefficient determination.