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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
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IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
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IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

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Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
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Absolute frequency referencing in the long wave infrared using a quantum cascade laser frequency comb.

K N Komagata, M Gianella, P Jouy

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    Quantum cascade laser optical frequency combs (QCL-OFCs) now offer broadband absolute frequency references for mid-infrared spectroscopy. This advancement achieves high frequency stability and accuracy, comparable to existing methods.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum optics and spectroscopy
    • Mid-infrared photonics
    • Metrology and frequency standards

    Background:

    • Optical frequency combs (OFCs) based on quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have revolutionized mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy.
    • However, QCL-OFCs have not been utilized as broadband absolute frequency references.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the possibility of using QCL-OFCs as broadband absolute frequency references in the mid-IR.
    • To perform comb-calibrated spectroscopy using a QCL-OFC locked to a molecular transition.

    Main Methods:

    • Development and implementation of a quantum cascade laser optical frequency comb (QCL-OFC) system.
    • Comb-calibrated spectroscopy performed at a wavelength of 7.7 µm (1305 cm-1).
    • Locking the QCL-OFC to a stable molecular transition for frequency referencing.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a relative frequency stability of 1.5 × 10-10 (at 100-s integration time).
    • Obtained a relative frequency accuracy of 3 × 10-9.
    • Demonstrated sub-Hz-level stability for hours when locked to a reference.

    Conclusions:

    • QCL-OFCs can be successfully employed as broadband absolute frequency references in the mid-infrared.
    • The achieved performance is comparable to state-of-the-art methods relying on nonlinear frequency conversion.
    • QCL-OFCs show significant promise as metrological tools for the mid-infrared spectral region.