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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

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Testing Senders' Visual Occlusion Model: Do Operators (Drivers) Really Predict During Visual Occlusion?

Huei-Yen Winnie Chen¹, Paul Milgram²

¹Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.

|April 28, 2022

Summary

Humans can predict system states during visual occlusion, especially when critical events are near. Glance duration influences this predictive capability, supporting models of human sampling behavior.

Keywords:

attentional models instrument monitoring self-paced visual occlusion visual information processing

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Area of Science:

Cognitive psychology
Human-computer interaction
Human factors engineering

Background:

The visual occlusion paradigm, introduced by John Senders in 1967, is used to assess attentional demands in tasks like driving.
Previous research has not validated the assumption that operators can predict system states during visual occlusion.

Purpose of the Study:

This study tests the hypothesis that humans can predict system states during visual occlusion.
It aims to validate an assumption frequently made in models of human sampling behavior.

Main Methods:

A self-paced visual occlusion monitoring task was designed with a randomly rotating basin and a ball.
Participants detected critical events (ball falling) by visually sampling only when necessary.
The study analyzed the relationship between occlusion durations, system states, and glance durations to infer prediction.

Main Results:

Glance requests aligned with the use of simple first-order predictions.
Predictive behavior was observed for longer glances (300 and 500 ms).
Even short glances (100 ms) showed predictive patterns when critical events were imminent.

Conclusions:

Human operators appear capable of predicting system states without visual information under specific conditions.
Glance duration is a critical factor influencing this predictive ability.
The findings strengthen the utility of the visual occlusion paradigm for evaluating human monitoring performance.