Polyamines in cancer: integrating organismal metabolism and antitumour immunity

Area of Science:

• * Oncology
• * Immunology
• * Microbiome Research

Background:

• * Natural mammalian polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine) are vital for cell function and replication.
• * Altered polyamine metabolism is a hallmark of many cancers, making it a therapeutic target.
• * Emerging evidence links polyamines to the tumor microenvironment and immune response.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To elucidate the multifaceted roles of polyamines in cancer initiation and progression.
• * To explore the intricate connections between polyamine metabolism, microbiota, and diet in shaping the tumor microenvironment.
• * To highlight therapeutic strategies targeting polyamine metabolism for cancer treatment, including immune enhancement.

Main Methods:

• * This is a Perspective article, synthesizing existing research and data.
• * Literature review and analysis of current scientific findings on polyamines in cancer.
• * Conceptual framework development integrating polyamine metabolism, microbiota, diet, and immune response.

Main Results:

• * Polyamines significantly influence the tumor microenvironment, potentially creating 'cold' tumors resistant to immunotherapy.
• * The gut microbiota and dietary intake dramatically modulate polyamine levels and function within tissues.
• * Dysregulated polyamine metabolism is implicated in cancer progression and immune evasion.

Conclusions:

• * Polyamines are key regulators of the tumor microenvironment and immune response.
• * Interactions between polyamines, microbiota, and diet present novel therapeutic opportunities.
• * Targeting polyamine metabolism can enhance anti-tumor immunity and improve cancer treatment outcomes.