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The Multivariate Physical Activity Signatures Associated With Self-Regulation, Executive Function, and Early Academic

Kristoffer Buene Vabø1, Katrine Nyvoll Aadland1, Steven James Howard2

  • 1Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts, and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.

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Summary

Physical activity intensity in preschoolers shows weak links to numeracy and inhibition. Sedentary time was linked to better inhibition, while moderate-to-vigorous activity was linked to better numeracy, though associations varied by sex and age.

Keywords:
accelerometercognitionexecutive functionlearningpreschool (kindergarten)self-regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Physical Activity and Cognition
  • Early Childhood Education

Background:

  • Evidence on physical activity intensity and preschooler cognitive outcomes is limited and inconsistent.
  • Previous studies often struggle with multicollinearity among physical activity variables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify physical activity intensity signatures associated with self-regulation, executive function, and early academic learning in preschoolers.
  • To analyze these associations using multivariate pattern analysis in a large cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 711 Norwegian preschoolers (aged 3-5 years) including physical activity (ActiGraph GT3X+), self-regulation, executive function, and academic learning.
  • Employed multivariate pattern analysis to examine associations between physical activity intensity spectra (uniaxial and triaxial) and cognitive/learning outcomes.
  • Focused on uniaxial data for primary findings due to higher explained variances.

Main Results:

  • Weak associations were found between physical activity intensity patterns and numeracy (R²=4.28%) and inhibition (R²=1.48%) in the total sample.
  • Sedentary time (0-99 counts/min) negatively associated with numeracy but positively with inhibition.
  • Moderate-to-vigorous activity (≥1,000 counts/min) positively associated with numeracy; vigorous activity (≥8,500 counts/min) also positively associated with inhibition.
  • Associations were stronger in boys and older children for numeracy, and in girls and older children for inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Physical activity intensity spectrum shows weak associations with numeracy and inhibition in preschoolers.
  • Specific intensity patterns, including sedentary behavior, relate differently to cognitive outcomes.
  • Findings highlight the need for nuanced approaches to understanding physical activity's role in early cognitive development, with variations observed by sex and age.