Preventive Healthcare Services
Primary Healthcare Services
Vision
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Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
Published on: October 18, 2024
Jessica Crippa1,2, Maree Flaherty1,3,4, Sue Silveira5,6
1Children's Eye Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The Statewide Eyesight Preschooler Screening (StEPS) program effectively identifies vision impairments in preschoolers. This Australian model meets World Health Organization criteria and is recommended for national adoption due to high participation rates.
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