Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Phloem Sap Sampling from Brassica napus for 3D-PAGE of Protein and Ribonucleoprotein Complexes
Published on: January 9, 2018
Phloem wedges in Malpighiaceae: origin, structure, diversification, and systematic relevance
Angélica Quintanar-Castillo1,2, Marcelo R Pace3
1Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Zona Deportiva s.n. de Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico. angqca@gmail.com.
Phloem wedges, a common cambial variant in lianas, evolved independently multiple times in Malpighiaceae. Their development and presence influenced the evolution of more complex stem anatomies within the family.
Area of Science:
- Plant Anatomy
- Evolutionary Biology
- Wood Science
Background:
- Phloem wedges are widespread cambial variants in Angiosperms, notably in Malpighiaceae lianas.
- These variants involve unusual arrangements of secondary vascular tissues.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the ontogeny, structure, and evolutionary history of phloem wedges in Malpighiaceae.
- To understand how phloem wedges contribute to anatomical diversification within the family.
Main Methods:
- Broad species sampling (143 species, 50 genera) across Malpighiaceae lineages.
- Integration of ontogenetic, stem anatomical, and phylogenetic comparative methods.
- Analysis within the most recent phylogenetic framework for the family.
Main Results:
- Phloem wedges exclusively occur in lianas and disappear in associated shrub lineages.
- Two distinct ontogenetic pathways lead to phloem wedge formation.
- Phloem wedges can lead to more complex variants like fissured stems and interxylary phloem.
Conclusions:
- Phloem wedges originated independently at least 10 times in Malpighiaceae lianas.
- Two ontogenetic trajectories explain these independent origins.
- The presence of phloem wedges has driven the evolution of complex cambial variants.
Related Concept Videos
Non-vascular Seedless Plants
Introduction to Plant Diversity
Phloem and Sugar Transport
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte
Phylogeny

