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Updated: Sep 25, 2025

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Episodic memory processes modulate how schema knowledge is used in spatial memory decisions.

Michelle M Ramey1, John M Henderson2, Andrew P Yonelinas3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.

Cognition
|April 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Schema knowledge influences spatial memory, but strong episodic memory, especially recollection, overrides this bias. Precise recall is better for expected locations, but recollection suppresses schema influence even without exact location memory.

Keywords:
MemoryRecognitionRecollectionSchemasSemantic knowledgeVisual search

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Schema knowledge significantly impacts memory encoding and retrieval.
  • Existing models suggest schema integration occurs during memory retrieval.
  • The influence of episodic memory strength on schema incorporation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how episodic memory strength (unconscious memory, familiarity, recollection) modulates schema use in spatial memory.
  • To determine if recollection can override schema-based biases in memory decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants searched for objects in schema-congruent and incongruent locations within scenes.
  • Recall of target location and confidence-based recognition memory judgments (indexing recollection, familiarity, unconscious memory) were assessed.
  • Two studies (n=133, n=59) were conducted to validate findings.

Main Results:

  • Target location recall was more accurate in schema-congruent locations.
  • This schema effect decreased with unconscious memory, familiarity, and was absent in recollected scenes.
  • Recollection suppressed schema bias even when precise location memory was absent.

Conclusions:

  • Episodic memory strength modulates the utilization of schema knowledge.
  • Schema knowledge influences spatial memory primarily when episodic memory is weak or absent.
  • Recollection provides a mechanism to completely override schema-based biases in memory.