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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

14.3K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

9.6K
Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Synthetic Modifications of Histones and Their Functional Evaluation.

Moe Toyobe1, Fumika Yakushiji1,2,3

  • 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|April 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Synthetic chemistry enables precise histone and nucleosome modifications for studying epigenetic regulation. This review details methods for creating these essential epigenetic tools.

Keywords:
epigeneticshistonenucleosomepost-translational modificationsynthetic modification

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Epigenetics
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones are crucial for epigenetic regulation.
  • Understanding specific epigenetic marks requires access to homogeneously modified histones/nucleosomes.
  • Current methods for preparing modified histones/nucleosomes are often challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review synthetic strategies for creating precisely modified histones and nucleosomes.
  • To highlight methods for functional evaluation of these synthetic epigenetic tools.
  • To emphasize the demand for advanced synthetic approaches in epigenetics research.

Main Methods:

  • Cysteine modification strategies for histones.
  • Chemical transformations involving dehydroalanine residues.
  • Catalyst-mediated lysine acylation techniques.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of various synthetic routes for histone/nucleosome modification.
  • Examples of functional assessments performed on synthetically modified histones/nucleosomes.
  • Demonstration of the feasibility and utility of chemical synthesis in epigenetics.

Conclusions:

  • Synthetic chemistry provides essential tools for dissecting epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Advanced synthetic strategies are vital for future epigenetics research.
  • Precisely modified histones and nucleosomes are key to unraveling gene regulation.