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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Testosterone: Functions and Regulation01:26

Testosterone: Functions and Regulation

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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
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Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
Near the gonadal ridges, two duct systems are present: the mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts). These ducts form the basis for the...
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Sperm Transport01:15

Sperm Transport

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The journey of sperm from its origin to the point of ejaculation begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Here, Sertoli cells produce fluid that propels non-motile sperm through a series of conduits, starting with the straight tubules leading to the rete testis. This interconnected network of tubules acts as the initial pathway for sperm, guiding them into the efferent ductules and then into the epididymis for maturation.
The maturation phase occurs in the epididymis, where sperm...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model
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Androgens and spermatogenesis.

Sophie Christin-Maitre1, Jacques Young2

  • 1Sorbonne Université, service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et médecine de la reproduction, hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, centre de référence des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, 75012 Paris, France.

Annales D'Endocrinologie
|April 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Testosterone (T) and functional androgen receptors (ARs) are crucial for male fertility and sperm production. Abnormal T levels or AR signaling impair spermatogenesis, highlighting their importance in male reproductive health.

Keywords:
AndrogensMale infertilityMinipubertySpermSpermatogenesisTestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Male Reproductive Biology
  • Spermatogenesis Research

Background:

  • Male infertility affects 50% of infertility cases, primarily due to low sperm quality and quantity.
  • Spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production, is a lifelong function starting at puberty.
  • This process depends on the gonadotroph axis, intratesticular testosterone (T) production by Leydig cells, and functional androgen receptors (ARs) in Sertoli cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the critical role of testosterone (T) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling in human spermatogenesis.
  • To examine the impact of hormonal imbalances and AR dysfunction on sperm production and testicular health.
  • To review clinical evidence and animal models concerning T's necessity and potential T-independent pathways in spermatogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of clinical cases, including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), LH receptor mutations, and androgen receptor (AR) mutations.
  • Review of hormonal male contraception protocols and effects of exogenous androgen abuse.
  • Examination of animal models to explore T-independent spermatogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Complete congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) often results in azoospermia, with combined FSH and hCG treatment being effective, underscoring intratesticular T's role.
  • LH receptor mutations lead to Leydig cell issues and reduced sperm count, similar to partial AR inactivating mutations.
  • Hormonal contraception or androgen abuse causes negative feedback, decreasing gonadotropins and T, leading to sperm defects and testicular atrophy, with long recovery times.

Conclusions:

  • Abnormal androgen production and/or AR signaling significantly impair human spermatogenesis.
  • The precise minimal intratesticular T level required for normal sperm production remains under investigation.
  • Emerging data suggest potential roles for prenatal development and minipuberty in adult spermatogenesis, alongside possible T-independent pathways.