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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Geophysics
  • Network Synchronization

Background:

  • Precise time synchronization is critical for financial, industrial, and observation systems.
  • Global-positioning-system (GPS) signals are unreliable in indoor, underground, or underwater locations.
  • Existing time synchronization methods face limitations in GPS-denied environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate cosmic muon timing synchronization (CTS) as an alternative time synchronization method.
  • To assess CTS performance in environments with limited or no GPS coverage.
  • To determine the feasibility of CTS for widespread application.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the simultaneous and penetrative properties of cosmic-ray-induced muon showers as timing signals.
  • Modeled CTS by integrating data from previous extended air shower (EAS) experiments.
  • Incorporated Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO) holdover precision measurements into the model.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the capability of CTS to achieve perpetual local time synchronization below 100 nanoseconds.
  • Projected this synchronization level with a hypothetical detector areal coverage exceeding 2 x 10^-4.
  • Indicated that the required areal coverage is attainable and cost-effective.

Conclusions:

  • CTS provides a viable solution for precise time synchronization in GPS-unavailable environments.
  • The technology shows promise for integration into consumer smartphone networks.
  • CTS is a cost-effective option for dense underwater sensor networks.