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Updated: Sep 25, 2025
A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization
Published on: July 6, 2009
Utility of evaluating semen samples from adolescents with Klinefelter Syndrome for cryopreservation: A
Kevin Y Chu1, Jesse Ory2, Nahid Punjani3
1Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
Introduction:
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most common genetic condition cause of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). KS also often results in decreased testicular growth and testosterone production. Because of this, exogenous testosterone therapy is commonly prescribed for KS patients to treat hypogonadism, but this may have additional impacts to future fertility potential. KS adolescent patients may be asked to provide multiple semen samples to identify potential sperm for early cryopreservation.
Objective:
To develop a multi-institutional database to evaluate the prevalence of sperm in the ejaculate of adolescent KS patients.
Methods:
A retrospective study was performed of all adolescent KS patients seen at two high-volume tertiary male infertility clinics between 2015 and 2020. Adolescence was defined as individuals aged 12-19 years, as per the World Health Organization. Demographic information data including weight, height, medical comorbidities, and concurrent medications were collected. Serum hormone levels including FSH, LH, and testosterone were collected, as well as any available semen analysis data.
Results:
A total of 116 patients were identified and included in the database. A total of 100 (86.2%) had hormone data available and 48 (41.3%) had semen analysis data. Of the 48 patients with semen analyses, only 4 (8.3%) patients had rare sperm in the ejaculate while the remaining had azoospermia (91.7%). None of the specimens were suitable for cryopreservation. The average serum total testosterone level of adolescent KS patients was 181 ± 216 ng/dL. FSH levels were 14.3 ± 18.8 IU/L (normal 0.3-10.0 IU/L) and LH levels were 7.8 ± 12.4 IU/L (normal 1.2-7.8 IU/L). A total of 17 patients repeated a semen analysis, and in no instance did this result in sperm where there was none previously.
Conclusion:
The findings from a large multicenter retrospective cohort of adolescent KS patients suggest that a single semen analysis is sufficient for attempted cryopreservation purposes, and that multiple semen analyses is not needed.
