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Related Concept Videos

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors
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Illuminating Clustered Mutations in Cancer

    Cancer Discovery
    |May 2, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers identified clustered somatic mutations on driver oncogenes linked to cancer survival. A specific pattern, kataegis, found on extrachromosomal DNA, is termed kyklonas, suggesting a novel cancer evolution mechanism.

    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Cancer Biology
    • Evolutionary Biology

    Background:

    • Clustered somatic mutations are observed in cancer genomes.
    • These mutations can impact cancer development and patient outcomes.
    • Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is increasingly recognized in cancer evolution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the distribution and significance of clustered somatic mutations.
    • To investigate the association between mutation clusters and patient survival.
    • To characterize a novel mutation pattern, kataegis, on ecDNA.

    Main Methods:

    • Genome-wide analysis of somatic mutation patterns.
    • Statistical correlation of mutation clusters with oncogenes and survival data.
    • Identification and description of kataegis on extrachromosomal DNA.

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    Last Updated: Sep 25, 2025

    Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors
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    Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors

    Published on: September 20, 2016

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    Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
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    Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood

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    Main Results:

    • Clustered somatic mutations are significantly enriched on driver oncogenes.
    • Mutation clusters correlate with differential patient survival.
    • Kataegis, a specific cluster pattern, is prevalent on extrachromosomal DNA, termed kyklonas.

    Conclusions:

    • Clustered somatic mutations on driver oncogenes are critical indicators of cancer progression and survival.
    • The discovery of kyklonas on extrachromosomal DNA proposes a new mechanism in cancer evolution.