Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

223
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
223
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

385
Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
385
Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs01:28

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs

659
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), including Desipramine (Norpramin), Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), and Amitriptyline (Elavil), inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and also block other receptors. They are used for depression, pain conditions, and insomnia. Common adverse effects include anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and weight gain. They have a narrow therapeutic window and so require plasma-level monitoring. Abrupt discontinuation can...
659

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Letter to the Editor regarding 'Precision medicine approaches to mental health'.

The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry·2026
Same author

History and the nature of diagnosis. The example of schizophrenia and Kraepelin's recant.

Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists·2025
Same author

Letter to the Editor: Letter to the editor regarding 'A revisionist model for treatment-resistant and difficult-to-treat depression'.

The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry·2024
Same author

Letter to the Editor regarding 'Have you been paying attention? Adult-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder'.

The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry·2024
Same author

The dazzling guidelines.

The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry·2021
Same author

The clinical practice guidelines.

The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Therapeutic Benefit of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Depression Treatment
05:19

Author Spotlight: Therapeutic Benefit of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Depression Treatment

Published on: July 7, 2023

2.6K

Intranasal esketamine for depression: Not so special K.

Stephen Rosenman1

  • 1St John of God Health Service, Burwood, NSW, Australia.

Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
|May 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Intranasal esketamine, approved for treatment-resistant depression, is less effective and more costly than injected ketamine. This raises concerns about the chosen formulation for future research and clinical use.

Keywords:
esketamineketaminemedication approval and use

More Related Videos

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
04:29

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression

Published on: January 7, 2019

28.9K
Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
07:15

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Published on: April 8, 2013

59.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Therapeutic Benefit of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Depression Treatment
05:19

Author Spotlight: Therapeutic Benefit of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Depression Treatment

Published on: July 7, 2023

2.6K
Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
04:29

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression

Published on: January 7, 2019

28.9K
Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
07:15

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Published on: April 8, 2013

59.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Intranasal esketamine recently gained FDA approval for treatment-resistant depression.
  • This intranasal formulation is the sole approved form of ketamine.
  • Significant cost disparity exists: $600/dose for intranasal esketamine versus <$20/dose for injected ketamine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of newly approved intranasal esketamine compared to injected ketamine.
  • To discuss the implications of approving a less effective ketamine formulation for clinical practice and research.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of research data on intranasal versus injected ketamine formulations.
  • Review of drug approval processes and their impact on treatment selection.

Main Results:

  • Intranasal esketamine demonstrates lower effectiveness and increased adverse effects compared to injected ketamine.
  • Despite research findings, the intranasal formulation is positioned as the primary form for future investigation and application.

Conclusions:

  • The approval of intranasal esketamine, despite its limitations, highlights complexities in pharmaceutical regulation.
  • Careful consideration is warranted before widespread adoption of this specific ketamine formulation, given its comparative drawbacks.