Thin robust Pd membranes for low-temperature application

It is known that hydrogen embrittlement could result in warping and destruction of pure Pd membranes, which limits the working temperatures to be above 293 °C. This study attempted to investigate the relationship between hydrogen embrittlement resistance and membrane geometry of ultrathin pure Pd membranes of 2.7-6.3 μm thickness. Thin tubular Pd membranes with an o.d. of 4 mm, 6 mm and 12 mm immediately suffered from structural destruction when exposed to H₂ at room temperature. In contrast, thin hollow fiber membranes (outer diameter, 2 mm, thickness < 4 μm) exhibit strong resistance against hydrogen embrittlement at temperatures below 100 °C during repeated heating/cooling cycles at a rate up to 10 °C min^-1 under H₂ atmosphere. This is ascribed to reduced lattice strain gradients during α-β phase transition in cylindrical structures and lower residual stresses according to in situ XRD analysis, which shows a great prospect in low temperature applications.