A TiO₂ composite with graphitic carbon nitride as a photocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

Semiconductor-based photocatalysts have attracted a lot of interest due to their environmental friendliness and high stability. Waste cooking oil can be converted to biodiesel by the process of transesterification. A TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ combination was prepared by using a wet impregnation process. The photocatalyst was analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). For effective transesterification, WCO was collected and acid-esterified to reduce the FFA concentration (below 3%). For the transesterification reaction, esterified WCO was used and the reactions were carried out under solar irradiation at 60 °C with an oil to methanol ratio of 1 : 9 and stirred for 1 hour, using different TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ catalysts (10, 20 & 30%) with different catalyst concentrations of 1%, 2% and 3%. The results showed that TiO₂/20% g-C₃N₄ with 2% catalyst concentration gives the highest yield of biodiesel production (89.5%) as compared to other catalyst concentrations used. In addition to (FTIR), additional fuel characteristics such as density, viscosity, flashpoint, acid value, and pH were tested to determine the quality of the generated biodiesel and were found to comply with fuel standards. With high stability and good catalytic activity, the synthesized composite TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ is a viable option for producing biodiesel from WCO.