Metal (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb) removal from environmentally relevant waters using polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated magnetite...

Water pollution is a major global challenge given the increasing growth in industry and human population, and certain metals can be highly toxic and contribute to this significantly. In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PVP-Fe₃O₄ NPs) were used to remove metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) from synthetic soft water and sea water in the presence and absence of fulvic acid. Nanoparticle (NP) suspensions were added to water media at a range of metal concentrations (0.1-100 mg L^-1). Removal at different time points (1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24 hours) was also evaluated. Results showed that 167 mg L^-1 PVP-Fe₃O₄ NPs could remove nearly 100% of four metals at 0.1 mg L^-1 and more than 80% at 1 mg L^-1. The removal decreased as the initial metal concentration increased, although essentially 100% of the Pb was removed under all conditions. The kinetic adsorption fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model and in general, the majority of metal adsorption occurred within the first 1.5 hours. These NPs are a reliable method to remove metals under a wide range of environmentally relevant conditions. Our previous research showed the NPs effectively removed oil from waters, so these NPs offer the possibility of combined in situ remediation of oil and metals.