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Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis for the Determination of the Particle Size of Iron-Carbohydrate Complexes
Published on: July 7, 2023
Double emulsions as delivery systems for iron: Stability kinetics and improved bioaccessibility in infants and adults
Bruno Sérgio Toledo Barbosa1, Edwin Elard Garcia-Rojas1,2
1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA), Universidade Federal Rural de Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.
Abstract:
Iron deficiency is one of the main causes of anemia in the world, especially in children and women, so food fortification through microencapsulation is a viable alternative to combat this deficiency. The present work aimed to encapsulate iron in a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion (W1/O/W2), which was formed with whey protein isolate and polyglycerol polyricinoleate as the emulsifying agents, tara gum as a thickening agent, and sucrose as an osmotic active substance. The double emulsion formed with 12% whey protein isolate, 0.8% tara gum, and 2% sucrose presented high encapsulation efficiency (96.95 ± 1.00%) and good stability (up to 7 days). Additionally, after the in vitro gastrointestinal simulations, the bioaccessibility was high for adults (49.54 ± 5.50%) and infants (39.71 ± 2.33%). Finally, the study show that double emulsions can form stable systems with high iron bioaccessibility even in infant gastric systems, which indicates the possibility of using double emulsions to fortify food with iron.
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