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Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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Significance of Displacement Current01:27

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A displacement current is analogous to a real current in Ampère's law, participating in Ampère's law the same way as the usual conduction current. However, it is produced by a changing electric field. Displacement current is defined in terms of a time-varying electric field, and also has an associated displacement current density. By adding a term accounting for displacement current, Maxwell modified the existing Ampère's law, which is now called generalized Ampère's law.
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization01:24

Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization

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Left heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function and structure of the left side of the heart. It is generally performed to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as valve abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart defects.Diagnostic and therapeutic purposesLeft heart catheterization serves various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Assessing coronary artery bypass grafts.Evaluating coronary artery disease in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Translational Rabbit Model of Chronic Cardiac Pacing
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The pacemaker lead dislocation.

Tomoyuki Watanabe1, Masumi Iwai-Takano2

  • 1Division of Cardiology and Internal Medicine Health Co-op Watari Hospital Fukushima Japan.

Clinical Case Reports
|May 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

An abandoned pacemaker lead migrated to the right ventricle, causing tricuspid regurgitation in an elderly patient with septic shock. This case highlights risks associated with retained pacemaker leads.

Keywords:
cardiovascular disorderscomplicationemergency medicineinfectious diseasepacemaker

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Device Complications
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Pacemaker implantation is a common procedure for cardiac rhythm management.
  • Generator pocket infection is a known complication requiring device removal.
  • Retained pacemaker leads pose potential risks if not properly managed.

Observation:

  • An 88-year-old male presented with septic shock.
  • A previously removed pacemaker lead had migrated from the left subclavian vein.
  • The lead was found coiled within the right ventricle.

Findings:

  • The migrated pacemaker lead caused moderate tricuspid regurgitation.
  • Septic shock was the primary reason for hospital admission.
  • The patient had a history of prior pacemaker generator pocket infection.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of complete removal or secure management of abandoned pacemaker leads.
  • Retained leads can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including valvular dysfunction.
  • Early recognition and intervention are crucial for managing complications arising from abandoned leads.