Catalytically Active Inclusion Bodies─Benchmarking and Application in Flow Chemistry

In industries, enzymes are often immobilized to obtain stable preparations that can be utilized in batch and flow processes. In contrast to traditional immobilization methods that rely on carrier binding, various immobilization strategies have been recently presented that enable the simultaneous production and in vivo immobilization of enzymes. Catalytically active inclusion bodies (CatIBs) are a promising example for such in vivo enzyme immobilizates. CatIB formation is commonly induced by fusion of aggregation-inducing tags, and numerous tags, ranging from small synthetic peptides to protein domains or whole proteins, have been successfully used. However, since these systems have been characterized by different groups employing different methods, a direct comparison remains difficult, which prompted us to benchmark different CatIB-formation-inducing tags and fusion strategies. Our study highlights that important CatIB properties like yield, activity, and stability are strongly influenced by tag selection and fusion strategy. Optimization enabled us to obtain alcohol dehydrogenase CatIBs with superior activity and stability, which were subsequently applied for the first time in a flow synthesis approach. Our study highlights the potential of CatIB-based immobilizates, while at the same time demonstrating the robust use of CatIBs in flow chemistry.