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Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...
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When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
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De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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Noise reduction by upstream open reading frames.

Ho-Wei Wu1,2, Erickson Fajiculay3,4,5, Jing-Fen Wu1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) create precise protein production by reducing translation rates in plants. This translational control mechanism buffers gene expression noise, ensuring robust operation of the plant circadian clock.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Gene expression exhibits burst production, leading to high noise requiring regulatory controls.
  • Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are common in eukaryotic mRNA 5' leaders and can repress downstream translation.
  • The impact of uORF-mediated repression on gene expression noise and biological outcomes remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if uORF-mediated low translation efficiency causes gene expression noise.
  • To determine the direct biological impact of uORF-repressed translation.
  • To elucidate the role of uORFs in mitigating transcriptional noise for precise protein production.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of uORF translation efficiency in plant cells.
  • Quantification of protein production levels under uORF control.
  • Assessment of the effect of uORFs on the plant circadian clock (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 - TOC1).

Main Results:

  • uORFs lead to low yet precise protein production in plant cells, potentially by decreasing protein synthesis rates.
  • uORFs buffer the protein production of TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1), contributing to circadian clock robustness.
  • Demonstrated a model for uORF action in translational control to reduce noise.

Conclusions:

  • uORFs serve as a crucial translational control mechanism to mitigate transcriptional noise.
  • Precise protein production is achieved through uORF-mediated reduction in translation rates.
  • uORFs play a significant role in ensuring the robust functioning of the plant circadian clock.