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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Paraclinical Aspects in Systemic Sclerosis.

Carmen Bobeica1, Elena Niculet1,2, Carmina Liana Musat1

  • 1Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galați, Galati, 800008, Romania.

International Journal of General Medicine
|May 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease causing inflammation and fibrosis in skin and organs. Diagnosis involves immunological profiles and organ-specific tests, with ongoing advancements in SSc management.

Keywords:
antinuclear antibodiescapillaroscopycoherent optical tomographyconfocal microscopysystemic sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology and Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting skin and internal organs.
  • Characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular changes, particularly in the nail bed.
  • Cytokines and chemokines sustain the inflammatory process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current diagnostic and monitoring strategies for Systemic Sclerosis.
  • To highlight the role of various investigative techniques in SSc management.
  • To emphasize the evolving nature of SSc diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing confocal microscopy for molecular insights into chronic inflammation.
  • Employing coherent optical tomography, capillaroscopy, and skin biopsy for differential diagnosis.
  • Leveraging immunological profiles for SSc classification and subsetting.
  • Conducting organ-specific investigations (pulmonary function tests, imaging, cardiac assessments) for multisystemic damage evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Confocal microscopy aids in understanding SSc's molecular mechanisms.
  • Differential diagnostic tools like capillaroscopy and biopsy distinguish SSc from other sclerodermoid syndromes.
  • Immunological profiles are crucial for classifying SSc into subsets.
  • Multisystemic involvement necessitates a comprehensive panel of organ-specific tests.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis relies on a combination of clinical, immunological, and organ-specific assessments.
  • Ongoing research and medical discoveries continually refine the diagnostic, treatment, and monitoring approaches for SSc.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for managing multisystemic complications in SSc.