Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Perspectives on Neuroscience
Published on: July 31, 2007
Epistemological Equation for Analysing Uncontrollable States in Complex Systems: Quantifying Cyber Risks from the
Petar Radanliev1, David De Roure1, Pete Burnap2
1Department of Engineering Sciences, Oxford e-Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK.
Abstract:
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) triggers data protection questions and new types of cyber risks. Cyber risk regulations for the IoT, however, are still in their infancy. This is concerning, because companies integrating IoT devices and services need to perform a self-assessment of its IoT cyber security posture. At present, there are no self-assessment methods for quantifying IoT cyber risk posture. It is considered that IoT represent a complex system with too many uncontrollable risk states for quantitative risk assessment. To enable quantitative risk assessment of uncontrollable risk states in complex and coupled IoT systems, a new epistemological equation is designed and tested though comparative and empirical analysis. The comparative analysis is conducted on national digital strategies, followed by an empirical analysis of cyber risk assessment approaches. The results from the analysis present the current and a target state for IoT systems, followed by a transformation roadmap, describing how IoT systems can achieve the target state with a new epistemological analysis model. The new epistemological analysis approach enables the assessment of uncontrollable risk states in complex IoT systems-which begin to resemble artificial intelligence-and can be used for a quantitative self-assessment of IoT cyber risk posture.
Related Concept Videos
Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error
Classification of Systems-II
Classification of Systems-I
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
Control Systems
At the heart...
Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error
State Space Representation
Consider an RLC circuit, a...

