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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

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Enhancer RNAs stimulate Pol II pause release by harnessing multivalent interactions to NELF.

Vladyslava Gorbovytska1, Seung-Kyoon Kim2,3, Filiz Kuybu1

  • 1RNA Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.

Nature Communications
|May 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) longer than 200 nucleotides, with unpaired guanosines, are crucial for stimulating RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pause release by detaching NELF. This finding reveals key molecular determinants for eRNA function in gene transcription regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are transcribed from enhancers and linked to activated enhancers.
  • The precise molecular requirements and mechanisms for eRNA function in regulating gene transcription remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding eRNA function is critical for deciphering transcriptional regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sequence, structure, and length requirements of eRNAs for stimulating RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pause release.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which eRNAs facilitate the detachment of Negative Elongation Factor (NELF) from paused Pol II.
  • To identify the molecular determinants governing eRNA-mediated transcriptional regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an eRNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pause release model system.
  • Analyzed the impact of eRNA sequence, structure, and length on NELF detachment.
  • Investigated allosteric interactions between eRNAs and NELF subunits.

Main Results:

  • eRNAs do not require common sequence or structural motifs for function.
  • eRNAs exceeding 200 nucleotides in length and containing unpaired guanosines are essential for stimulating Pol II pause release.
  • Functional eRNAs engage in multiple, allosteric contacts with NELF subunits -A and -E, promoting NELF release.

Conclusions:

  • The study identifies specific molecular features of eRNAs (length >200 nt, unpaired guanosines) critical for their function.
  • eRNAs play a significant role in regulating Pol II pause release by modulating NELF activity.
  • These findings provide novel insights into the intricate mechanisms of metazoan transcriptional regulation.