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Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory system. It's a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are:

Pleura of the Lungs

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:

Tissue Membranes

Tissue Membranes

A tissue membrane is a thin layer of cells that covers the outside of the body, the organs, internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body, and the lining of the moveable joint cavities. There are two basic types of tissue membranes— connective tissue and epithelial membranes.
Connective Tissue Membranes
The connective tissue membrane is formed solely from connective tissue. These membranes encapsulate organs, such as the kidneys, and line our movable joints. A synovial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Published on: December 21, 2019

Mesothelioma.

Nagarjun Rao¹, Shuanzeng Wei²

¹Department of Pathology, Great Lakes Pathologists/Aurora Clinical Laboratories, Aurora West Allis Medical Center, West Allis, Wisconsin, United States.

|May 5, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing mesothelioma involves distinguishing malignant cells from benign mesothelial cells in effusions. Ancillary molecular and genetic tests aid in confirming malignant mesothelioma diagnoses, overcoming challenges in cytologic evaluation.

Keywords:

Cell-block Cytomorphology Immunocytochemistry Mesothelioma Molecular and genetic tests

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Generation and Expansion of Primary, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Tumor Lines

Generation and Expansion of Primary, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Tumor Lines

Published on: April 21, 2022

Area of Science:

Cytopathology
Oncology
Molecular Pathology

Background:

Mesothelioma originates from serosal cells and presents in epithelioid, sarcomatous, or biphasic forms.
Mesothelioma cells can exfoliate into effusions, posing diagnostic challenges.
Distinguishing mesothelioma from metastatic carcinoma and reactive mesothelial cells is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnostic challenges in mesothelioma cytology.
To highlight the utility of immunocytochemistry and newer molecular/genetic tests.

Main Methods:

Review of cytologic features of mesothelioma in effusion specimens.
Discussion of immunocytochemistry panels for differential diagnosis.
Overview of emerging molecular and genetic diagnostic markers.

Main Results:

Cytologic diagnosis of mesothelioma is complicated by overlapping features with reactive mesothelial cells and metastatic carcinoma.
Immunocytochemistry aids in differentiating mesothelioma from metastatic carcinoma.
Molecular and genetic tests show promise in confirming malignant mesothelioma.

Conclusions:

Accurate cytologic diagnosis of mesothelioma requires careful evaluation of cell morphology and ancillary testing.
Immunocytochemistry and molecular/genetic tests are valuable tools for confirming mesothelioma in effusion specimens.