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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Host and viral non-coding RNAs in dengue pathogenesis.

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Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) from dengue virus (DENV) and human hosts are key players in disease. Understanding these ncRNAs offers new avenues for dengue diagnosis and therapeutic development.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Dengue virus (DENV) causes frequent outbreaks, complicated by its multiple serotypes and mutating genome.
  • Developing effective dengue therapeutics is challenging, making early diagnosis critical for preventing severe outcomes.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their regulatory roles in disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interplay between human host and DENV ncRNAs.
  • To explore how ncRNAs regulate the host innate immune system during dengue infection.
  • To discuss the clinical potential of ncRNAs in dengue diagnosis and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing.
  • Analysis of studies investigating host-pathogen ncRNA interactions.
  • Synthesis of research on ncRNA roles in innate immunity and disease progression.

Main Results:

  • DENV produces ncRNAs (e.g., subgenomic flaviviral RNAs) that influence viral lifecycle and disease.
  • Host ncRNAs (e.g., microRNAs, circular RNAs) also play significant roles in dengue pathogenesis.
  • ncRNAs are implicated in modulating the host's innate immune response to DENV infection.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs represent a critical interface between DENV and the human host.
  • Targeting ncRNAs holds promise for novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for dengue.
  • Further research into ncRNA mechanisms can unlock new clinical applications for dengue management.