Development and Box-Behnken design optimization of a green extraction method natural deep eutectic solvent-based for...

In recent years, attention has been turned finding new sources of phenolic compounds, antioxidant molecules, main by-products from the agri-food chain like barley malt rootlets (BMRs). Traditionally, phenolic compounds are extracted from food matrices using different procedures, for example, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, or solid-phase extraction techniques employing organic solvents. With the advent of green chemistry, attention has been paid to the search for green, nontoxic, inexpensive, and nonflammable solvents and the natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) respect these characteristics. The aim of this project was to develop and optimize an environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and rapid extraction method for phenolic compounds from BMRs using natural DESs as extractive solvents. Several natural DESs were tested as extractive solvents and, among them, the best results in terms of total phenolic content were obtained using a choline chloride-malic acid (1:2 molar ratio)-based mixture. Box-Behnken experimental design guaranteed the extraction of 9.51 ± 0.83 gallic acid equivalent/g of BMRs, under the following optimal extraction conditions: 1:21 solid-to-liquid ratio, 80°C as extraction temperature, 43 min as the time of extraction, and 29% as a percentage of added water in the NADESs. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected in the BMRs extract through HPLC-PDA/MS analysis.