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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:20

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The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...
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Saint-Venant's Principle01:18

Saint-Venant's Principle

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The principle of Saint-Venant postulates that the stress distribution within a structural member does not rely on the precise method of load application except in the vicinity of the load application points. Consider a scenario where loads are centrally applied on two plates. In this case, the plates move toward each other without any rotation. This movement causes the member to contract in length and expand in width and thickness. Uniform deformation across all elements and maintaining...
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Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section01:21

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

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When a material is subjected to uniaxial stress, it elongates or contracts in the direction of the applied force, and also undergoes changes in the perpendicular directions. This behavior is crucial for understanding how materials behave under stress and is governed by mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio v, which measures the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

In Vivo Functional Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle Following Surgical Creation of a Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) Injury
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Longitudinal Aspects of VITT.

Linda Schönborn1, Andreas Greinacher1

  • 1Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.

Seminars in Hematology
|May 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) from adenovirus COVID-19 vaccines is usually transient. Subsequent mRNA vaccination or influenza vaccines appear safe for VITT patients, with no reported adverse events.

Keywords:
COVID-19ChAdOx1 nCoV-19TTSVITTplatelet factor 4vaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Ad26.COV2.S) can induce vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) due to platelet-activating anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies.
  • VITT is typically transient and non-recurring, but some patients experience persistent antibodies, recurrent thrombocytopenia, and thrombosis.
  • Anti-PF4 IgG antibody detection duration varies by assay and is often longer than functional antibody activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the safety and clinical course of VITT patients undergoing subsequent vaccinations.
  • To explore the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on anti-PF4 antibody levels in VITT patients.
  • To gain insights into VITT pathogenesis through its temporal characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of clinical data from VITT patients.
  • Monitoring of anti-PF4 antibody titers and clinical outcomes after subsequent vaccinations (mRNA, adenovirus vector, influenza).
  • Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection impact on VITT parameters.

Main Results:

  • Sixty-nine VITT patients vaccinated with mRNA vaccines showed no significant increase in anti-PF4 antibody titers, thrombocytopenia, or thrombotic events.
  • Five VITT patients re-exposed to adenovirus vector vaccines experienced no adverse reactions.
  • Limited data suggest influenza vaccination is safe; SARS-CoV-2 infection did not alter anti-PF4 antibody levels in one patient.

Conclusions:

  • Subsequent vaccinations with mRNA or adenovirus vectors appear safe in VITT patients.
  • Influenza vaccination is likely safe; SARS-CoV-2 infection does not seem to exacerbate VITT.
  • Temporal patterns of VITT offer valuable insights into its underlying mechanisms.